Your argument hinges on interpreting all these references to mean the 10 where the texts never say this.
Mat 19:17 we have a familiar account of someone asking Christ which commandments he should keep, Christ's answer seems to cover only the second half of the ten and adds an extra to love your neighbour as yourself. But the takeaway is not how justified the man was for keeping these, but that he still lacked. This exposes the 10 as lacking itself, not to mention it was only 5 commandments. Jesus uses these as a segue to expose the real problem, which addresses the heart.
No one is arguing that murdering, stealing, lying and adultery are wrong or that respecting your parents is a good idea. These are well-established morals that preexist the 10 itself and can be found in any culture. But the bigger question is not how profound these ideas are, but what follows in v20, "what do I still lack". The issue is not what the man kept, but what he was lacking that could not be answered by the 10 (or in this case, the 5)
We can conflate all these references and say "what they really mean is to keeping the 10" but this needs to be injected into the text, not to mention we are missing the point. The tablets are a seal of the covenant relationship first established in Ex 24 (the 10 were spoken in 20 and the tablets were received in 31). This is the covenant, and Hebrews 8:13 says it has been made obsolete.
Deut 5:2-3
The Lord our God made a covenant with us at Horeb. It was not with our ancestors that the Lord made this covenant, but with us, with all of us who are alive here today
The rest of Deu 5 is quoting the 10. The 10 had a unique relationship as a covenant relationship with Israel, "not with [their] ancestors." This shows us the 10 were never designed for outside the covenant relationship and explicitly for Israel. Coupled with Hebrews 8:13 it's hard to understand why our eyes are still fixed on the 10. It is Christ that we should be looking to and keeping "his commandments" which surpass the 10 in all ways as they address the root of the heart using a heuristic approach. Monotheistic values (commandments 1-3), we can say, are about loving the Lord with all our heart, yet "with all our heart" implicitly reaches further, so it's not just about no other gods, no idols and not taking his name in vain, but it goes beyond. These can all be mechanically observed and divorced of any heart action; Christ's law addresses the depths of our hearts that that's the point, not a list of rules. This is the same with loving your neighbour as yourself, it goes infinitely beyond the actions of the 10, no longer motivated with simply not harming our neighbour from a preset list but a charge to actively pursue love.
The 4th seems like the oddball one, but it really is a monotheistic claim, rescuing pagan 7th-day claims to point to the one creator. ANE (ancient near east) cultures already had a lot of these values in place. Hebrews had a strict 7-day week system, which was unique to them; other cultures used moon phases that may have aligned to a 7-day week but were reset with the lunar month (unlike the Hebrews, who decoupled the two systems). The decoupling is important because the weeks align with no observable phenomena (like moon phases), leading to pagan beliefs. But 7-day iterations already had established practices and values among surrounding cultures long before Israel was formed. It wasn't unique to them, and they inherited these values over being the first to introduce them. It wasn't unusual that the Hebrews had rituals or veneration practices on this day, and surrounding cultures would have overlapping agreement. But the difference is that Sabbath aligns with creation/monotheistic claims over using it to highlight pagan 7-day claims, and is also used redemptively, pointing to Christ. It is deeply rich with meaning, but these point to and are fulfilled by Christ, who is the source and meaning of the sabbath day. Where the physical observance is a part of the old covenant that no longer needs to be repeated.