Thanks. This is quite helpful. To further the discussion, when Yahweh Elohim appears in the prophets or elsewhere, can it possibly be rendered as the "Lord of gods"?
I'm hardly an expert. But based on what little I know, I don't think that it can. The Tetragrammaton doesn't mean "Lord". We render YHWH as "The LORD" due to an ancient tradition that goes back to Second Temple Judaism, where it was common to substitute the Tetragrammaton with the Hebrew word for "lord", which is adonai. When the translators of the LXX rendered the Tetragrammaton into Greek, they used the Greek translation of adonai, which was kyrios. This practice is seen, also, in the New Testament; in large part because the NT quotes the LXX, even verbatim. Since the earliest Christians relied on the LXX as their Old Testament, when the Scriptures were translated into other languages, such as Latin, this same thing was retained. So the Vulgate uses dominus.
In the late Middle Ages we see a re-introduction of the Tetragrammaton. Through what was probably a scholarly mistake. In the 10th century AD the Masoretic sages who were part of the move to revitalize Hebrew among the Jewish Diaspora and reading of the Tanakh in Hebrew (since the time of Jesus it had been common to read the Tanakh in Aramaic translation among both Palestinian Jews and Diaspora Jews). In order to facilitate this the Masoretes created a system of vowel markers to aid reading of Hebrew, called niqqud. One of the unique facets of the Masoretic Text which they produced is that it includes the niqqud for ease of reading, but they intentionally used the niqqud for "Adonai" in the Tetragrammaton, to indicate to the reader to say "Adonai" rather than pronounce the Divine Name.
When we take YHVH (or YHWH) and add the vowels of Adonai we get YaHoVaH. As a result we get the Latinized Iahovah/Iehovah. Take the consonontal 'i' and give it a tail and we get the letter 'J', so Iehovah -> Jehovah. So we get "Jehovah" occasionally in some early modern Bibles, but more commonly English language translations stick with the traditional usage of using "lord" as a substitute. The KJV, relying on the Masoretic Text, the LXX, the Vulgate, and the critical Greek texts of Erasmus, Stephanus, and Bezae fundamentally set the standard in English Bibles. When the Tetragrammaton appears, the KJV type-faced it as "The LORD"; alternatively where the Tetragrammaton appears alongside Adonai, the KJV chose to type-face it as "GOD" as in "The Lord GOD". Though the KJV on a couple occasions does use the Latinized corrupted form of the Tetragrammaton, "Jehovah", but it is sparsely used.
As for what the four letter Name of God means, I don't think there is anything resembling a conclusive answer. But the most popular theory is that the Name is taken from the same tri-consonontal root as the Hebrew verb hayeh (H-Y-H) "to be" or "I am". As in where God says to Moses in the burning bush, "I am that I am" as the answer to Moses' question of what God's name is, who God is. In other words it's theorized that the four letter Name of God means something like "The one that is" or "He is". God says "I am" and so His Name is "He is".
As far as I'm aware (which, take that with a huge grain of salt) to get something like "lord of the gods" would require some kind of construction involving the word Adonai, or another Hebrew word that could mean "lord", the only other suitable Hebrew word I know of would be
ba'al. The problem with ba'al, of course is that while it does infrequently get used in reference to God, and it is used generically to mean something like "sir" in reference to human beings, the word ba'al is pretty infamous for its common usage among Canaanite and other Levantine pagan gods. The various "ba'als" which the the Israelites were constantly being rebuked for worshiping instead of God.
Another question: Is there a collective singular in Hebrew? (I gave an example in British English of "city have" which in American English would be "city has" - a plurality of people in city rendered a collective singular. If so, could in Gen. 1:1 the same apply grammatically in Hebrew to elohim bara? I am looking at the possibilities, not being well-versed in Hebrew.
When it comes to Hebrew I'm really only good for regurgitating what I've read from people way smarter than myself. I don't know if Hebrew has collective singular nouns.
-CryptoLutheran