Apple Sky said:

I've been through all this in previous posts, try reading them.

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JohnB445 said:

That molecules ended up hitting each other forming amino acids and biological matter and that by chance Earth just had just the right properties to help harbor life, and that these molecules turned into living things, and eventually just knew how to evolve into more complex sentient beings, like all this happened by mere accident.

I believe God was involved, he created life. We are sentient because of him, he knew where to put our fingers, our eyes, and how to make our eyes work, and our body digest food, he has made this all possible.

But of course the scientists would say where is our proof for our belief in the existence of God, we point to Jesus and the testimony, however they want undeniable proof and facts. How do we give them that?

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Stopped_lurking said:

I'm making a complaint against killing people in peril at sea. Who is it you want me to hold accountable before I can complain about that?

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samaus123456789 said:

I asked chat GPT to give the etymology of these words only from the bible, and only before 70 AD.

Here is the etymology of “Jew,” “Jewish,” “Judaism,” and “Gentile” using ONLY evidence from the Bible written before 70 AD:

✔ Hebrew Bible (Tanakh / LXX)
✔ Septuagint Greek (before 70 AD)
✔ New Testament books written before 70 AD (Paul, Mark, early Matthew sections, etc.)

No later sources, no post-70 AD history, no archaeology, no rabbinic texts, nothing after 70 AD.

---

⭐ 1. JEW​

Hebrew Bible evidence (before 70 AD)​

(A) Hebrew word: יְהוּדִי (Yehudi)​

Meaning: “Judean,” a person of the tribe/territory of Judah.

Earliest appearance:

2 Kings 16:6​

This is the first time in the Bible the word “Jew” appears.

Other uses:

• Jeremiah 34:9 – “a free Jew” (Yehudi)
• Esther 2:5 – “a certain Jew named Mordecai”

In the Hebrew Bible, Yehudi always means:

• a person from Judah,
• or by extension, someone belonging to the southern kingdom (Judah).

(B) Greek Septuagint (before 70 AD)​

Hebrew Yehudi is translated as:

Ἰουδαῖος (Ioudaios)​

Meaning: “Judean”.

Examples:

• Esther 2:5 LXX — And there was a man, a Judean (Ioudaios)…
• 2 Kings 16:6 LXX — Ioudaioi (“Judeans”)

⭐ What “Jew” meant before 70 AD (biblically):​

• A person from Judah
• or a southern Israelite (after the split monarchy)
• By NT times it could also mean a follower of the Judean religion

BUT the word always comes from “Judah.”

---

⭐ 2. JEWISH​

The Hebrew Bible does not use an adjectival form (like “Jewish”).
Instead:

• “the Judean people,”
• “the people of Judah,”
• “the customs of the Judeans.”

Examples (before 70 AD):​

2 Kings 18:26 (Hebrew)​

Here “Jewish language” = Yehudit = “the language of Judah.”

This is the only Hebrew Bible term resembling “Jewish.”

LXX term (before 70 AD)​

Greek uses:

Ἰουδαϊκός (Ioudaikos) – “Judean / pertaining to Judeans”​

Examples:

• 2 Maccabees 2:21 (pre-70 AD text)
  “The battles… for the Jewish (Ioudaikos) customs.”
• Mark 7:3 (NT written before 70 AD)
  “The Jewish (Ioudaioi) traditions.”

---

⭐ 3. JUDAISM​

This is actually a biblical word and it appears before 70 AD.

Original biblical term: Ἰουδαϊσμός (Ioudaismos)​

Meaning:

• “The way of the Judeans”
• “The Judean religion / practices”

First appearance: 2 Maccabees 2:21​

Other appearance: 2 Maccabees 8:1

New Testament (before 70 AD):​

Galatians 1:13–14​

Paul uses the same Greek word:

⭐ What “Judaism” meant before 70 AD:​

• The religion of the Judeans
• The customs of the post-exilic people of Judah
• Not yet a global or modern system, but the pre-70 AD Judean faith

---

⭐ 4. GENTILE​

This word comes from the Bible but through translation, not Hebrew etymology.

Hebrew Bible words (before 70 AD)​

גּוֹי (goy) / גּוֹיִם (goyim)​

Meaning:

• “Nation”
• “Peoples”
• “Ethnic groups other than Israel”

Most famous examples:

• Genesis 12:2 — Israel will be a great nation
• Psalm 2:1 — “Why do the nations (goyim) rage?”

The Hebrew word does NOT mean “non-Jew.”
It simply means “nation.”

Greek Septuagint word (before 70 AD):​

ἔθνη (ethnē)​

Meaning:

• “Nations,” “peoples,”
• in Israel’s context: “the other nations”

NT Example:

• Matthew 28:19 — “Make disciples of all nations (ethnē).”

Where “Gentile” comes from in the Bible:​

When Jerome translated the LXX/NT into Latin (pre-70 AD usage preserved):

Latin Vulgate: gentes = nations​

From this Latin word, English Bibles later used Gentile.

⭐ Meaning before 70 AD:​

• Goyim / ethnē = nations
• Often meaning non-Israelite nations
  But not originally a derogatory term.

---

⭐ SUMMARY (Only Using Pre-70 AD Bible Evidence)​

English Term	Pre-70 AD Hebrew Term	Pre-70 AD Greek Term	Biblical Meaning Before 70 AD
Jew	Yehudi = Judean	Ioudaios = Judean	Person from Judah (later the whole Judean people)
Jewish	Yehudit = Judean language	Ioudaikos = Judean	Pertaining to Judeans (language, customs)
Judaism	—	Ioudaismos	Judean religion/customs (2 Macc 2:21; Gal 1:13–14)
Gentile	Goy / Goyim = nations	Ethnos / Ethnē = nations	Any nation (often non-Israelite)

---

⭐ If you want, I can also show:​

✔ Every OT verse containing Yehudi, Yehudit, goy, or goyim.
✔ Every LXX verse containing Ioudaios, Ioudaikos, ethnos.
✔ How “Ioudaios” changed meaning between 200 BC and 70 AD.
✔ The difference between Hebrew, Israelite, Judean, and Jew.

Just tell me!
it is amazing. You could then ask it how these words changed meaning after 70 AD. Christians are Judeans (Romans 2 28 29) meaning of the religion of Abraham.

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Hentenza said:

From AI just cause I am lazy today. Here is the measure of the curvature of the earth.

“ The circumference of the Earth is approximately 40,075 kilometers (24,901 miles) at the equatorand 40,008 kilometers (24,860 miles) through the poles. This difference is because the Earth is not a perfect sphere; it bulges at the equator due to its rotation, making the equatorial circumference slightly larger.“

Have a nice day.

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Strong in Him said:

Why would it be called the North Pole if if was in the middle?

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Aryeh Jay said:

Why should Jews be an exception?

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DaisyDay said:

People are saying that it's in the offing. Will the Jews be forced to choose or will they be given an exception?

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Apple Sky said:

What ever he believes in Hants was right the North pole is at the center of earth.

View attachment 374105

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rjs330 said:

God has deemed that government has the obligation to put fear into the hearts of evil doers to protect its people. And even God makes allowances for killing of evil doers by the governement. This is why you should not get into a debate over Christian matters. You dont know enough. You only have an opinion. And in the matter of Christian law and teaching you are ignorant.

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David Lamb said:

I took it that HantsUK meant (in context) that the correct position of the north pole as far as the flat earth believers are concerned is in the centre. I don't think Hants UK meant that he believes the North pole is in the centre.

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stevevw said:

Stop trying to put things in my head lol. I never said any of this and your are creating strawmen. Its not an either/or answer. We are trying to work it all out.

All we can do is gather data to get a better understanding. I am not saying the marks are from melting stone or any particular method. Only that the studies done show it was not from small dolerite pounders. Along with the analysis of the patterns in the mark showing a different and more uniform method.

As though the granite was scooped or dug out with a uniform method that was similar to the shape of the scoops. Along with other evidence showing the impracticality of using pounders in tight situations where its impossible.

Like I said this is not a one size fits all kind of determination. There may be a number of methods employed over 1,000s of years. Knowledge comes and goes and changes.

It may be that the scoops in stone come from a different method to thermal treatment. Look at the scoops in stone throughout the world. There are many that show no vitrification. Yet they show softened or weakened stone.

It may some way the structure of the granite was weakened and it was not melted but rather then material was changed at the molecular level. Such as with sonic cutting which weakens the crystals within the stone.

But the point is I am only guessing at the method. All we can do is look at the data which definitely shows the marks of a different method to dolerite pounders and nore like the stone has been scooped out as though the stone was compromised in some way.

If its basic highschool stuff then the ancient Egyptians knew about this. We should expect that many of their works will contain softened or melted limestone. Making it easier to work with. Including the building works containing limestone.

But then we also have examples of basalt and granite melted. What do you say about these.

No this is the point. Knowledge can come and go. The important thing is they were still living within the same immersion of direct conscious experiences of nature. Which enabled them to discover chemistry and physics. How nature worked and how it could change the physical world.

I want to know why you specifically choose this example and avoided the others. None of what you have said negates the facts and reality that we have examples of softened and melted stones around the world. Showing there was advanced knowledge in how to mess around with the material structures of rocks.

As usual you skip over the evidence and ignore most of it.

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1. Tests on Egyptian Granite​

1. Klemm, R. & Klemm, D.​

• Includes petrography, XRD, thin sections.
• Confirms Aswan granite is geologically intact with no thermal alteration.

2. Harrell, J.A.​

• Examines quarry samples with thin-section petrography.
• Finds no melting or artificial alteration in granite from Aswan, Giza, Saqqara.

3. Stocks, D.A.​

• SEM and thin-section analysis of granite surfaces.
• Shows percussion micro-fractures, no heat-softening.

4. Aston, B.G. et al.​

• Includes mineralogical tests (petrography & chemistry) on Egyptian granites.
• Reports no vitrification or non-natural softening.

5. Nicholson, P.T. & Shaw, I. (eds.)​

• Chapter on stone technology includes petrographic & SEM analysis.
• Confirms granite tool marks are mechanical, not thermal.

2. Tests on Egyptian Limestone​

6. Klemm, R. & Klemm, D.​

• Thin sections, SEM, and XRD of Tura limestone.
• Shows original calcite grains with zero thermal decomposition.

7. Harrell, J.A. & Storemyr, P.​

• Petrographic tests on limestone blocks.
• Confirms unaltered natural sedimentary microfabrics.

8. Bloxam, E.​

• XRD and SEM of quarry limestone.
• Reports no artificial weakening.

3. Tests on Tool-Marks, Saw Cuts, Pounding Cups, Drill Holes​

9. Stocks, D.A.​

• SEM examination of granite saw and drilling surfaces.
• Shows abrasive–mechanical wear, no melting.

10. Goyon, J.-C.​

• Petrography of tool-marked granite in Old Kingdom sites.
• No heat or chemical alteration.

11. Klemm & Klemm (multiple quarry reports)​

• SEM imaging of quarry faces at Aswan and Gebel Fatira.
• All surfaces show impact fractures, never thermal softening.

12. Harrell, J.A.​

• SEM analysis shows straight abrasive-striations, inconsistent with any softening hypothesis.

4. Materials Science / Mineralogical Papers​

13. El Aref, M. & Afify, R.R.​

• No amorphous phases, no melted quartz, no lattice damage.

14. Ali, M.M. et al.​

• All quartz and calcite signals consistent with unheated crystalline minerals.

15. El-Badry, O. et al.​

• Microtextures and chemistry unchanged by any high-energy process.

✔️ Summary: What these references prove​

• No vitrification
• No glassy phases
• No amorphous mineral content
• No collapsed lattice structures
• No thermal gradients
• No chemical residues
• Normal hardness values
• Natural fracture mechanics
• Intact mineralogy identical to raw quarry rock