Etymology of bible words jew, jewish, gentile, judaism
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I asked chat GPT to give the etymology of these words only from the bible, and only before 70 AD.
Here is the etymology of “Jew,” “Jewish,” “Judaism,” and “Gentile” using ONLY evidence from the Bible written before 70 AD:
✔ Hebrew Bible (Tanakh / LXX)
✔ Septuagint Greek (before 70 AD)
✔ New Testament books written before 70 AD (Paul, Mark, early Matthew sections, etc.)
No later sources, no post-70 AD history, no archaeology, no rabbinic texts, nothing after 70 AD.
Earliest appearance:
Other uses:
Examples:
Instead:
This is the only Hebrew Bible term resembling “Jewish.”
It simply means “nation.”
✔ Every LXX verse containing Ioudaios, Ioudaikos, ethnos.
✔ How “Ioudaios” changed meaning between 200 BC and 70 AD.
✔ The difference between Hebrew, Israelite, Judean, and Jew.
Just tell me!
it is amazing. You could then ask it how these words changed meaning after 70 AD. Christians are Judeans (Romans 2 28 29) meaning of the religion of Abraham.
Here is the etymology of “Jew,” “Jewish,” “Judaism,” and “Gentile” using ONLY evidence from the Bible written before 70 AD:
✔ Hebrew Bible (Tanakh / LXX)
✔ Septuagint Greek (before 70 AD)
✔ New Testament books written before 70 AD (Paul, Mark, early Matthew sections, etc.)
No later sources, no post-70 AD history, no archaeology, no rabbinic texts, nothing after 70 AD.
⭐ 1. JEW
Hebrew Bible evidence (before 70 AD)
(A) Hebrew word: יְהוּדִי (Yehudi)
Meaning: “Judean,” a person of the tribe/territory of Judah.Earliest appearance:
2 Kings 16:6
This is the first time in the Bible the word “Jew” appears.“The Syrians drove the Jews (Yehudim) from Elath.”
Other uses:
- Jeremiah 34:9 – “a free Jew” (Yehudi)
- Esther 2:5 – “a certain Jew named Mordecai”
- a person from Judah,
- or by extension, someone belonging to the southern kingdom (Judah).
(B) Greek Septuagint (before 70 AD)
Hebrew Yehudi is translated as:Ἰουδαῖος (Ioudaios)
Meaning: “Judean”.Examples:
- Esther 2:5 LXX — And there was a man, a Judean (Ioudaios)…
- 2 Kings 16:6 LXX — Ioudaioi (“Judeans”)
⭐ What “Jew” meant before 70 AD (biblically):
- A person from Judah
- or a southern Israelite (after the split monarchy)
- By NT times it could also mean a follower of the Judean religion
⭐ 2. JEWISH
The Hebrew Bible does not use an adjectival form (like “Jewish”).Instead:
- “the Judean people,”
- “the people of Judah,”
- “the customs of the Judeans.”
Examples (before 70 AD):
2 Kings 18:26 (Hebrew)
Here “Jewish language” = Yehudit = “the language of Judah.”“Speak to your servants in Aramaic… do not speak to us in the Jewish language.”
This is the only Hebrew Bible term resembling “Jewish.”
LXX term (before 70 AD)
Greek uses:Ἰουδαϊκός (Ioudaikos) – “Judean / pertaining to Judeans”
Examples:- 2 Maccabees 2:21 (pre-70 AD text)
“The battles… for the Jewish (Ioudaikos) customs.” - Mark 7:3 (NT written before 70 AD)
“The Jewish (Ioudaioi) traditions.”
⭐ 3. JUDAISM
This is actually a biblical word and it appears before 70 AD.Original biblical term: Ἰουδαϊσμός (Ioudaismos)
Meaning:- “The way of the Judeans”
- “The Judean religion / practices”
First appearance: 2 Maccabees 2:21
Other appearance: 2 Maccabees 8:1“…the struggles on behalf of Judaism (Ioudaismos)…”
New Testament (before 70 AD):
Galatians 1:13–14
Paul uses the same Greek word:“I advanced in Judaism (Ioudaismos) beyond many of my own age…”
⭐ What “Judaism” meant before 70 AD:
- The religion of the Judeans
- The customs of the post-exilic people of Judah
- Not yet a global or modern system, but the pre-70 AD Judean faith
⭐ 4. GENTILE
This word comes from the Bible but through translation, not Hebrew etymology.Hebrew Bible words (before 70 AD)
גּוֹי (goy) / גּוֹיִם (goyim)
Meaning:- “Nation”
- “Peoples”
- “Ethnic groups other than Israel”
- Genesis 12:2 — Israel will be a great nation
- Psalm 2:1 — “Why do the nations (goyim) rage?”
It simply means “nation.”
Greek Septuagint word (before 70 AD):
ἔθνη (ethnē)
Meaning:- “Nations,” “peoples,”
- in Israel’s context: “the other nations”
- Matthew 28:19 — “Make disciples of all nations (ethnē).”
Where “Gentile” comes from in the Bible:
When Jerome translated the LXX/NT into Latin (pre-70 AD usage preserved):Latin Vulgate: gentes = nations
From this Latin word, English Bibles later used Gentile.⭐ Meaning before 70 AD:
- Goyim / ethnē = nations
- Often meaning non-Israelite nations
But not originally a derogatory term.
⭐ SUMMARY (Only Using Pre-70 AD Bible Evidence)
| English Term | Pre-70 AD Hebrew Term | Pre-70 AD Greek Term | Biblical Meaning Before 70 AD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jew | Yehudi = Judean | Ioudaios = Judean | Person from Judah (later the whole Judean people) |
| Jewish | Yehudit = Judean language | Ioudaikos = Judean | Pertaining to Judeans (language, customs) |
| Judaism | — | Ioudaismos | Judean religion/customs (2 Macc 2:21; Gal 1:13–14) |
| Gentile | Goy / Goyim = nations | Ethnos / Ethnē = nations | Any nation (often non-Israelite) |
⭐ If you want, I can also show:
✔ Every OT verse containing Yehudi, Yehudit, goy, or goyim.✔ Every LXX verse containing Ioudaios, Ioudaikos, ethnos.
✔ How “Ioudaios” changed meaning between 200 BC and 70 AD.
✔ The difference between Hebrew, Israelite, Judean, and Jew.
Just tell me!
it is amazing. You could then ask it how these words changed meaning after 70 AD. Christians are Judeans (Romans 2 28 29) meaning of the religion of Abraham.