What Bible verses support “freedom of religion”?
That is a big topic, and quite nuanced and difficult to legislate for. Concepts for the freedom of religion and separation of church and state (though probably not in the modern, American sense) come from the New Testament.
Historical quirk: It's ironic that in England which has a 'State church' (The Church of England) they had PM Rishi Sunak - a man of Hindu faith - and that in the USA (which supposedly has separation of the church and state) you cannot seem to become President unless you at least pretend to be a Christian.
Anyway - to answer your question some verses that come to mind:
SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE
John 18:36 Jesus said, “My kingdom is not of this world. If it were, my servants would fight to prevent my arrest by the Jewish leaders. But now my kingdom is from another place.
Faith isn’t enforced through political or military means. Advocates for religious freedom use this to argue that Christianity shouldn’t rely on state coercion—its domain is the heart, not the sword.
Then there is when the Pharisees tried to trap Jesus. They were asking him whether or not to pay taxes to Caesar. If Jesus said YES - he was pro-Roman and might lose the crowd. If he said NO - he could be dobbed in as a rebel and the Romans would do the Pharisees dirty work and take Jesus away. There's drama in the air!
Matthew 22:18 But Jesus, knowing their evil intent, said, “You hypocrites, why are you trying to trap me? 19 Show me the coin used for paying the tax.” They brought him a denarius, 20 and he asked them, “Whose image is this? And whose inscription?”
21 “Caesar’s,” they replied.
Then he said to them, “So give back to Caesar what is Caesar’s, and to God what is God’s.”
22 When they heard this, they were amazed. So they left him and went away.
Jesus is saying there's a distinction between civil and spiritual obligations. The two are not always bound together. Where in Islam you must pay a special tax if you are not a Muslim but follow some other faith.
CHRISTIAN RESPECT FOR UN-CHURCHED GOVERNMENT
In
Romans 13 Paul advises all Christians to obey the law as they are "God's servants to do you good." He's speaking of the pagan Roman government who would often take their hard earned tax money and build a temple to Jupiter or a statue for the glory of the Emperor! But anything is better than chaos. "They do not bear the sword for nothing." The government is there to avoid chaos - whether Christian or pagan. There's a similar vibe in
1 Peter 2:16-17, and also 1 Timothy 2 where Paul writes:
2 I urge, then, first of all, that petitions, prayers, intercession and thanksgiving be made for all people— 2 for kings and all those in authority, that we may live peaceful and quiet lives in all godliness and holiness. 3 This is good, and pleases God our Savior, 4 who wants all people to be saved and to come to a knowledge of the truth.
In other words - don't take a quite life for granted. Pray for peace! Declare the gospel - but there's nothing here about overtaking the government.
THE CHURCH JUDGES ITSELF - NOT THE OUTSIDE WORLD
In 1 Cor 5 Paul is rebuking the Corinthian church for some really sad sexual stuff that had been going on - and talking about excommunicating certain people. But he's clear he is talking about church discipline - and in an almost throw away line gives some more clarity on separation of church and state.
2 What business is it of mine to judge those outside the church? Are you not to judge those inside? 13 God will judge those outside. “Expel the wicked person from among you.”
VOLUNTARY FAITH
Then there's the famous verse that Billy Graham and others have used at the conclusion of their talks.
Revelation 3:20 - "Behold, I stand at the door and knock. If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, I will come in to him and eat with him, and he with me."
Why is this relevant? It shows that Christians should not assume that we can force Jesus on people! It's an invitation. They can open the door or refuse to open it. Along these lines we also see:
1 Peter 3:15-16 instructs believers to "always be prepared to give an answer to everyone who asks you to give the reason for the hope that you have. But do this with gentleness and respect."
2 Timothy 2:24-26, which speaks of those who oppose the gospel, needing to be
gently instructed.
Read - there's to be no forcing anyone to convert. The Spanish Inquisition? NOT a thing backed by the bible.
CONSTANTINE - THE FIRST ROMAN EMPEROR TO BECOME A CHRISTIAN - UNDERSTOOD SOMETHING OF THIS...
“Freedom and full liberty has been granted in accordance with the peace of our times to exercise free choice in worshipping as each one has seen fit. This has been done by us so that nothing may seem to be taken away from anyone’s honour or from any religion whatsoever.”
For more have a listen to my favourite Christian podcast "Undeceptions". The host has been a client of ours. John Dickson is a cheeky Aussie theologian and historian - and asks his guest experts some questions on behalf of the sceptics he knows listen to this show.
Undeceptions Episode 40: Freedom of religion is often attributed to a secular cry. However there are religious origins to religious freedom.
undeceptions.com
John Dickson (the host) often says Christians have 4 tools at their disposal for influencing the state - and it basically seems to be by influencing enough people to then eventually force a grassroots impact on societal opinion. That's it!
Those 4 tools are
Persuasion, Prayer, Service, and Suffering for the gospel.
That's it! I just don't get "Christian Nationalism".
But on the other, darker side of things we call "Christian Nationalism" - have you listened to this Pulitzer Prize winning podcast by NPR? It's not a Christian podcast - but covers the gun movement in America. But as it unfolds, like so many of NPR's best podcast series - the picture just gets darker and scarier and more cult-like. Check it out! I am of course totally against this sort of thing!
https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510356/no-compromise