NOTE: this is a CROSS-POST.
Original post
here. I want to include that text I wrote there in this thread for my future reference. I feel it touches on similar themes as this thread.
QUESTION: is God omniscient?
In classical, Newtonian, thinking, the entire universe is like a giant clockwork. And with sufficient knowledge, someone like God can simply "turn the crank" a bit faster to figure out where a planet will be in its rotation around the sun on a particular future day, or what a human will be doing on that same day. But subsequent research seems to show that God's universe has randomness built into it.
Steven Wolfram, the man behind
Wolfram Alpha, has developing a controversial theory of
cellular automata wherein every tiny element of the universe just follows simple rules that when combined create the world we see around us. While many think he is on the wrong track, he often mentions an interesting corollary of being "
computationally bound." To simplify the limitation, it is that
THERE ARE NO FORMULAS that allow one to predict what will happen in the future. Yes, given the rotational speed of the Earth around the sun, it would seem that we can know exactly where it will be a trillion years in the future. But what about randomness found in the behavior of matter at a quantum level? Or the fact that galaxies such as our own Milky Way galaxy can collide with each other? Or that a massive asteroid could hit the earth deflecting its path? Or the
Butterfly Effect wherein the tiniest of changes of initial conditions can have tremendous effects on outcome. In the end, you have to wait and actually see what happens. In a Newtonian world view, we would say that God with a perfect understanding of the current state of every atom can know all about the incoming asteroid or colliding galaxies. But if there truly is randomness built in by God, then God Himself could theoretically not know exactly how it will play out.
By what I'm going to say, I'm not wishing to denigrate anyone nor to exalt myself here. But it is illogical to say that God being omniscient could create without causing what he knew was going to fall out. To introduce the notion, then, of randomness, is to attribute substance to a notion that in fact is only "a shortcut to 'I don't know'." If God created, and is omniscient, then there is nothing happening by chance or at random. This has everything to do with the very definition of God. He is the only uncreated creator, and while it is seductive to consider the notion of him creating a principle called 'randomness' or chance because the counter-intuitive does appeal to the soul, it is self-contradictory to say that randomness or chance can produce anything in particular, and everything
is particular.
I usually have no argument from anyone about that, until they realize that this implies that God actually INTENDED for everything, to include every detail, to fall out as it does.
Would randomness remove the omniscience of God? Yes and No, depending on how one defines omniscience. Imagine a person setting out to drive to the store. They know they are going to the store, and they will make sure they get there. But they might encounter all sorts of bumps in the road or needed detours along the way. But in the end they do arrive just as planned. Another example would be a parent that insists a reluctant child go to school. The child tries this and that approach to be allowed to stay home and "play hooky", but the wise parent heads each attempt off and the child goes to school as planned. In each of these examples, we could say that the person knew the "end from the beginning." They knew their goal, and they had the power to overcome circumstances that arose.
So I would say Yes God in omniscient if one means that God has plans and is able to enact them regardless of random setbacks. And furthermore with great power, able to predict those parts of the universe that have little randomness. I think the Bible texts describing God's ability to see the future fall into this camp.
But I would also say No regarding omniscience if one means that God has the path of every atom in the universe already planned out, and the future is fixed and unchangeable.
KT
Once again appealing back to either (both) the definition of GOD and the fact of Omnipotence and Omniscience, one has to logically conclude that indeed every detail is intended to exist and to do what it does. "There is no rogue particle".
But if you indeed think that there are things God cannot know, you are in good company. The 'Middle Knowledge' and 'Open Theism' crowds think this. How they (or you) can suppose that there is such a principle [that is also created by God] that God, the very 'inventor' of reality, did not know enough about, but instead has to, as it seems to me, "fly by the seat of his pants", in order to bring his purposes to pass, is beyond me. To me it is simply self-contradictory. He made it, omnisciently, yet doesn't know it?? The notion places the principle, made by him, as beyond him. Anyway, like I said, I mean no disrespect. —God knows my thinking is full of inconsistencies, too, and admittedly, a fair proportion of ignorance-on-purpose.
(Disclaimer: I'm going to say something here that will sound to some like Pantheism or Panentheism, or even Animism of a sort. It is not). There is much more to say about the reasons to disagree that there is such a thing as actual randomness or chance. For myself, and admittedly this detail is not specifically orthodoxy, though orthodoxy does speak of his Immanence, I see reason to think that God is intimately involved in every thing that he created. One of my speculations, and I think there is something to it, is that the very essence of matter and energy, if not also the very essence of fact itself, and reality, is made of a very (perhaps even physical) something of God —his love. It would explain an awful lot of things we read in Scripture. "In him we live and move and have our being", could be more literal than most are comfortable considering.
Immanence also denies the Wolfram notion (as I understand it) that the details are merely programmed to fulfill their destiny, which I consider pure deism. To me it is silly. The fact that what we observe seems to follow rules does not mean that God is not actively IN those rules (to say it from a human perspective). WHAT WE OBSERVE AND ASSESS AND CATEGORIZE IS A LONG WAY FROM THE FACT OF THE MATTER.
But the implications of the overriding logic referred to by philosophers as the Cosmological Argument leave no room for chance or randomness, except as a concept WE HUMANS hold as representative for the things we simply don't have the depth of knowledge nor capacity for data to digest nor time and patience to pursue to their end —i.e., the words only mean, "I DON'T KNOW."
But, once again, I attribute substance to my own thoughts and words, as do those that think they have this figured out. "Words mean things", but ours don't mean very much.