Bishop or Overseer? The meaning of the word "Episkopos"?

[Ave Maria]

Hi everyone. What exactly does the Greek, "Episkopos" mean? Does it mean bishop or overseer? If bishop, what is the Bible talking about? If overseer, what is the Bible talking about? Would an overseer be simply a pastor?

 

[wildboar]

This article from the Christian Cyclopedia provides a nice summary of its usage in New Testament times as well as its usage throughout history.

Gk. episkopos, “overseer”). 1. Used in NT for those who governed and directed the Christian communities. The NT does not distinguish between bps. and presbyters (Acts 14:23; 20:17, 28). In gen., “presbyter” indicated the office (Ro 12:8; 1 Th. 5:12) and “bishop” the function (Acts 20:28). The tendency toward investing one presbyter with over all responsibility may appear as early as the Pastoral Epistles (see 1 Ti 3:2, 5).
By the end of the 1st c. the bp. has become the head of the local ch. at least at Corinth (1 Clement. 44). In the Didache (XV) the bp. is preacher, teacher, and leader of worship. The bp. is the responsible leader of the cong. in the letters of Ignatius of Antioch (2d c.). In this monarchical episcopate, one bp. rules in each ch., maintains purity of doctrine, is the chief celebrant at the Eucharist, and presides at baptisms. Irenaeus* and Tertullian* are concerned with demonstrating the apostolic succession of episcopal offices. In Hippolytus* the “presbyter-bishop” has become the priest through whom the worshiping cong. at the Eucharist offers its sacrifice of praise, and to whom the responsibility of teaching and certain limited judicial functions belong. The bp. of the 3d c. is chosen by the community (nos eligimus eum) and is consecrated by the neighboring bps. assisted by the presbyters. The situation confronting Cyprian* of Carthage leads to an emphasis on the administrative and judicial functions of the bp. Each bp. is the representative of Christ and the contemporary embodiment of the apostles (“The bishop is in the church and the church in the bishop.”).
2. Thus by the middle of the 3d c. the office of bp. had emerged as chief magisterial, liturgical, administrative, and judicial ministry of the ch. As Christianity moved out of the cities into the surrounding countryside jurisdiction of the bp. was extended beyond the original town limits to larger areas. When the Christian religion was recognized by Constantine, bps. were given the rank of an illustris, their right to distinctive garb was recognized, and their jurisdiction was conformed to the pattern of imperial administration. The distinctive features of the office of bp. were formalized by councils between Nicaea (325) and Chalcedon (451). From the 5th c. on the original parity of presbyters and bps. was more and more lost sight of. During the Middle Ages the bps. of the Christian West received functions of secular magistrates in many places.
3. In W canon law three things are necessary to est. a bp. in office: election, mission, and consecration. In RCtheol., the office of bp. exists by divine right but jurisdiction is conceived of as conferred by the pope. At the present time RCbps. are usually selected by the pope; they receive their mission, or episc. powers, either directly from pope or through a metropolitan, and they are consecrated by a bp. assisted by two bps. The bp. swears allegiance to the pope and must periodically report to him (visitatio liminum).
4. In the Ch. of Eng. the cathedral dean and chapter elect a candidate nominated by the crown and mission and consecration is by the metropolitan. In other parts of the Angl. communion the provisions of local canon law govern.
5. The chief duties of RC,; Old Catholic, E Orthodox, and Angl.bps. are to administer those sacraments of which they alone are the ordinary ministers (ordination, confirmation) and serve as shepherd, priest, and teacher of the diocese.* The bps. of these communions claim apostolic* succession, although the validity of Angl. orders is not universally recognized.

http://www.lcms.org/ca/www/cyclopedia/02/abbrev.asp?abbrev=ABBR.GK

 

[wildboar]

Here's the second part of it:

6. The Hussite schismatics of Bohemia retained the title of bp., although without a demonstrable apostolic succession, and the episcopate was revived 1735 with the restoration of the Unitas Fratrum on the Saxon estates of Count von Zinzendorf. The title of bp. is gen. in Am. Methodism and related churches. Many smaller Prot. churches have adopted the title.
7. The Luth. symbols (AC XXVIII; Ap XXVIII; Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope. 60–82; SA II iv 9; III x) recognized the rank of bps. and described their true function as preaching the Gospel, administering the sacraments, and exercising the keys. Though the symbols strongly express a desire to continue canonical govt., political factors prevented the perpetuation of the episcopate among the Luth. estates of the Holy Roman empire.
8. The office of bp. was kept in Swed. and Fin. (with apostolic succession); the title was restored in Den., Norw., Iceland, Transylvania, Slov. and Hung. In Ger. the supervision of the ch. was given to supts. In Luth. Ger. secular rulers often assumed the juridical functions of bps. and the style of summus episcopus of the ch. in their territories. The term Landes bischof (episcopus territorialis) was introduced in Nassau 1827. Several Luth. theologians (e.g., F. J. Stahl,* J. K. W. Löne*) tried to reintroduce the office of bp. Efforts of the 18th and 19th c. Prussian kings to restore the episcopate in their domains climaxed in the shortlived joint Angl. and Prussian Union bishopric of Jerusalem.
9. When the office of summus episcopus was abolished after WW I, some Ger. territorial churches used the title “bishop” for their presiding officer. In 1933 the office was introduced throughout most of Ger. The prestige of bps. rose during the Kirchenkampf* so that the office is regarded as self-evident in ch. orders and constitutions after 1945. The title has been rejected for the most part only in areas where Ref. influence is strong.
10. Ger. Ev. bps. are usually elected for life by synods or other ecclesiastical authorities. They usually have little or no legislative or administrative authority and their functions are largely spiritual (ordination, installation of pastors and prelates, visitation, consecration of churches, access to all pulpits of their territory, general oversight of the ch. and clergy, presiding over synods and other major administrative agencies).
11. In the 17th and 18th c. the RC Ch. began to consecrate indigenous bps. in India and China and the practice has now become gen. The first indigenous Angl. bp. was S. Crowther* of Afr. The episc. Luth. churches of Eur. often est. the episcopate in their missions, notably in India and Afr. The All Afr. Luth. Conf. (1955) expressed itself in favor of bps.
The episcopate was briefly est. among the Saxon Luth. immigrants to the US; Löhe designed his Franconian colony in Mich. to be episcopally governed, but his intention was never realized.
12. Today counselors, presidents of districts and synods in the Luth. churches of Am., and similar officers perform the function of bps. The extent of their administrative power may be greater or less than that exercised by their Eur. counterparts. EL, ACP
See also Titular Bishop; Western Christianity 500–1500, 8.
F. Haupt, Der Episcopat der deutschen Reformation, 2 vols. (Frankfurt/M, 1863–66); Episcopacy, Ancient and Modern, eds. C. Jenkins and K. D. MacKenzie (New York, 1930); The Apostolic Ministry: Essays on the History and the Doctrine of Episcopacy, ed. K. E. Kirk (London, 1946); A. Ehrhardt, The Apostolic Succession in the First Two Centuries of the Church (London, 1953); E. Benz, Bischofsamt und apostolische Sukzession im deutschen Protestantismus (Stuttgart, 1953); The Historic Episcopate in the Fullness of the Church, ed. K. M. Carey (London, 1954); The Ministry in Historical Perspectives, eds. H. R. Niebuhr and D. D. Williams (New York, 1956); K. Rahner and J. Ratzinger, The Episcopate and the Primacy, tr. K. Barker and others (New York, 1962); R. Caemmerer and E. Lueker, Church and Ministry in Transition (St. Louis, 1964).

 

[Ave Maria]

It's properly translated as bishop. A bishop is a person who looks over a diocese.

 

[BigNorsk]

Overseer would be a very good, somewhat literal translation.

Bishop would be good if one did not take it in a way that made a big distinction between a Bishop and a pastor. People would read it in quite different ways so I don't think it's a good translation today.

Certainly a pastor is an overseer.

One thing that one notices is that there were to be several overseers in the local church.

One Bishop overseeing a group of churches with one pastor or priest really doesn't fit the biblical model that I can see.

Baptists commonly follow the pattern but change a different word. Often they have a group of deacons and one pastor. They all function as overseers though, and so you can see that not all overseers in the Bible taught either.

In my group of Lutherans we have a plurality of elders. The pastor and the elders are all in the same office of overseer. The pastor is one who teaches and normally preforms the ceremonies, but there is no hard rigid line. Sometimes elders may preach or conduct the service, particularly if the pastor is absent.

The strongest line ends up being in the areas of marriages which weren't even performed by the overseers in biblical times. That is because usually just the pastor is licensed by the state to perform a wedding.

Marv

 

[NorrinRadd]

Hi everyone. What exactly does the Greek, "Episkopos" mean? Does it mean bishop or overseer? If bishop, what is the Bible talking about? If overseer, what is the Bible talking about? Would an overseer be simply a pastor?

Epi -- "on" or "upon" or "over."

Skopos -- "look" or "see."



"Bishop" comes from the Latin "biscopus," which itself traces back to the Greek "episkopos."

So the basic meaning is "overseer" or "supervisor."




"Overseer," "pastor/shepherd," and "elder" are all closely related, often even interchangeable.

 

[wildboar]

Accept in the case of the pastor I'm not convinced that anybody else in the modern church that goes by the title "elder" is really fulfilling that function. The elders in Scripture seem to be people who were paid and served full time. In many churches elders function more as a board of directors. In most cases elders are not really trained or even expected to fulfill the Biblical roles. When I was a member of a Reformed church I believed that my pastor was slandering a particular group of people. After trying to discuss the issue with the pastor I attempted to discuss the issue with my elders. First the elders tried to scare me and then when I actually got a chance to sit down with them it became clear that the elders themselves did not understand the perceived theological problems that the pastor was attacking and did not understand the problem I had with his statements. Elders are often chosen for reasons other than the Biblical standards listed and always end up performing different roles than Scripture requires. The LCMS has basically said that the only continuing office is that of the pastor and elders and deacons are offices that can be used but are not absolutely required. I think the problems come when people throw the words around and act as if they are the same office as is described in Scripture. I read an article that suggested that in the LCMS elders should actually be referred to as subdeacons and it actually made a lot of sense.

 

[LittleLambofJesus]

That word is used 1 time in the Gospels when Jesus pronounces judgement on OC Jerusalem and it Priesthood.

I believe Revelation is showing that event.

#1984 used 4 times in NT: Luke 19:44, Acts 1:20, 1 Tim 3:1, 1 Peter 2:12

http://www.scripture4all.org/

Luke 19:44 And shall be leveling thee and thy offspring in thee, and not shall be leaving stone upon stone in thee, instead which not thou knew the time of thy visitation/overseeing/inspection/epi-skophV <1984>" [Revelation 14:8]

1984. episkope ep-is-kop-ay' from 1980; inspection (for relief); by implication, superintendence; specially, the Christian "episcopate":--the office of a "bishop", bishoprick, visitation.

1909. epi ep-ee' a primary preposition; properly, meaning superimposition (of time, place, order, etc.),
4648. skopeo skop-eh'-o from 4649; to take aim at (spy), i.e. (figuratively) regard:--consider, take heed, look at (on), mark. Compare 3700.

 

[Polycarp1]

Overseer would be a very good, somewhat literal translation.

Bishop would be good if one did not take it in a way that made a big distinction between a Bishop and a pastor. People would read it in quite different ways so I don't think it's a good translation today.

Certainly a pastor is an overseer.

One thing that one notices is that there were to be several overseers in the local church.

One Bishop overseeing a group of churches with one pastor or priest really doesn't fit the biblical model that I can see.

Baptists commonly follow the pattern but change a different word. Often they have a group of deacons and one pastor. They all function as overseers though, and so you can see that not all overseers in the Bible taught either.

In my group of Lutherans we have a plurality of elders. The pastor and the elders are all in the same office of overseer. The pastor is one who teaches and normally preforms the ceremonies, but there is no hard rigid line. Sometimes elders may preach or conduct the service, particularly if the pastor is absent.

The strongest line ends up being in the areas of marriages which weren't even performed by the overseers in biblical times. That is because usually just the pastor is licensed by the state to perform a wedding.

Marv

This is resuscitzating a thread from two months ago, but I thought Marv's post merited comment. Most of what he says is on target, IMO.

As the apostless travelled throughout the ancient world, they did not as a rule evangelize the ancient equivalent of Podunk Crossroads, but preached in the major cities (and a few not so major). What they left behind was a church with a group of official Helpers to assure the material needs of the faithful were met from the common giving of all members, and a group of older men to provide oversight for the fledgling church. The Helpers were of course diaconoi, the older men presbyterioi, variously rendered priest, presbyter, and elder in modern use. At some very early point, the leader among the elders was set a0art as the Overseer -- whether this was an act by the apostles or something which evolved is debated, but it appears to have become standard by the time the Gospels reached their modern form.

The big city church would then send out evangelists to convert the surrounding countryside, the smaller towns for which the city was the metropolis. These snaller churches, perhaps with only a single elder, would look to the big-city church and its overseer for leadership. This was the origin of the modern bishop, with cathedral and diocese of surrounding smaller churches.

It is interesting that groups which originally rejected a 'monarchial' episcopate have found their way to a structure where oversight is provided for local churches and their pastors by respected leaders, for example in American Methodism and several branches of Lutheranism.